Resumen
Introducción: La microbiota intestinal influye en la función cerebral y estado emocional a través del eje intestino-cerebro. Su desequilibrio se asocia con trastornos mentales, mientras que bacterias como Lactobacillus y Bifidobacterium podrían tener efectos neuroprotectores. El objetivo fue analizar la evidencia disponible sobre la relación entre microbiota intestinal y los trastornos mentales, así como evaluar el impacto de los componentes dietéticos naturales en la modulación de dicha microbiota como estrategia preventiva/terapéutica. Métodos: Se realizo una revisión sistemática sobre como la microbiota intestinal influye en trastornos mentales (ansiedad/depresión) destacando el papel del eje intestino-cerebro en la regulación emocional. Mediante una búsqueda y el apoyo metodológico de la estrategia PRISMA se seleccionaron estudios que evaluaban el impacto de componentes dietéticos naturales como estrategia preventiva y terapéutica. Resultados: En la revision realizada en la etapa inicial, se identificaron 1419 registros provenientes de tres bases de datos científicas ampliamente reconocidas en el ámbito de la salud y la nutrición: PubMed, Web of Science y ScienceDirect. y tras aplicar criterios de inclusión centrados en el tema, se seleccionaron 12 ensayos clínicos aleatorizados los cuales aportan evidencia clave sobre la contribución de la Microbiota a la salud. Conclusión: La disbiosis intestinal aparece como un factor relevante en la fisiopatología de estos cuadros, mediando procesos neuroinflamatorios, alteraciones en el eje intestino-cerebro y desequilibrios en neurotransmisores clave. En este contexto, los componentes dietéticos naturales -como probióticos, prebióticos e intervenciones nutricionales específicas- emergen como estrategias prometedoras para modular la microbiota intestinal y, con ello, contribuir a la prevención y tratamiento de los trastornos mentales.
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Derechos de autor 2026 Lucía García Bugallo, Cayetana Pena Vidal, María Castro Penalonga